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81.
The concept of tournament validity was explored in three studies. In the first study, measures of tournament validity, difficulty, and discrimination were introduced. These measures were illustrated with data from the 2003 Professional Golf Association (PGA) Tour. In the second study, the relationship between difficulty and discrimination was tested by analyzing United States Golf Association slope and course rating data. In the third study, the validity of an entire season of PGA tournaments was examined. Tournaments did differ in validity, and some tournaments were not valid at all. Difficult, high-scoring tournaments were somewhat more valid and led to greater discrimination than low-scoring tournaments. Implications of golf tournament validity are discussed as are implications for measuring the validity of other types of competitions.  相似文献   
82.
Practitioners can benefit from using norms, but they often have to develop their own percentile rank and percentile norms. This article is a tutorial on how to quickly and easily calculate percentile rank and percentile norms using SPSS, and this information is presented for a data set. Some issues in calculating percentile rank and percentile norms are discussed, and a comparison between percentile rank and percentile norms is presented. In summary, percentile rank and percentile norms can be quickly and easily developed by using SPSS.  相似文献   
83.
This study was designed to examine the impact of silhouette randomization on the responses to rating scales developed to rate the perceived current and ideal body shape, as well as body dissatisfaction. Seventy students (30 men and 40 women), ages 18 to 43 (M ± SD = 22.1 ± 5.7) years, completed the Stunkard, Sorensen, and Schulsinger (1983) Figure Rating Scale twice, approximately 2 weeks apart in a randomized, counterbalanced order. On one occasion, the traditional scale was completed, and another scale with a randomized set of silhouettes was completed. Results indicated a significant relationship between the traditionally and randomly presented scales for perceived current and ideal body shapes and for body dissatisfaction (all p < .01). Wilcoxon signed-ranks test revealed no significant mean rank difference between the two scales for perceived current and ideal body shapes and body dissatisfaction (all p > .05). Randomization of figures does not appear to have an impact on results from the Figure Rating Scale, and the sequentially presented scale appears to be appropriate for body image assessment.  相似文献   
84.
Abstract

Four measures of elapsed time were secured on a sample of 76 male physical education majors during a 50-yd. sprint. The subjects were timed during two sprints and measurements were secured at 20, 30, 40, and 50 yd. Ten different measurement schedules were developed from the four measurements. Data revealed that the greatest source of measurement error existed in the first 20 yd. of the sprint. The intraclass reliability estimates of the 10 measurement schedules ranged from .79 to .98.  相似文献   
85.
Abstract

Data from four physical performance tests were collected from approximately 260 subjects and were used to determine (a) whether the split-half method is a valid procedure for estimating the reliability of multiple trial physical performance tests, and (b) whether the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula will be an accurate predictor of the reliability of a physical performance test when its length is increased. A significant day-to-day variation in test scores was found at the .05 level. The assumptions underlying the use of the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were significantly violated at the .05 level. Seventy-nine percent of the reliability coefficients computed by the split-half method were higher than the test-retest reliability coefficients. Seventy-two percent of the reliability coefficients predicted by the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula were higher than the obtained test-retest reliability coefficients.  相似文献   
86.
Ted Wadsworth is a professional counsellor, educator and trainer. He has taught and counselled in schools for many years before taking up his present position in 1976, and has had a long‐standing interest in the personal and social development of adolescents, a sympathy for their teachers and headteachers and a concern for the organizational health of secondary schools. He has concerns also for equity in education and a desire to see much greater participation by minority groups in a more empowering form of education. As a counsellor educator he has had many contacts with schools and headteachers and has worked to integrate counselling and pastoral care within schools as organizations.

This paper describes the first stage of an investigation into the professional development needs of secondary school heads. The time period is November 1986 to November 1987. The aims of the research are to ascertain what professional development needs the heads have and what strategies might be used to meet them. The style of the investigation is ethnographic and action research. The researcher convened and ran seminars/workshops for the heads, their deputies and sometimes other school leaders twice a term for the year, acted as a consultant to two heads and conducted a school development exercise (in the school of one of the heads to whom he was a consultant). Also 12 heads were interviewed in depth about their professional development needs. Finally, a questionnaire was developed from the total findings and sent to all 60 heads in the Waikato, Bay of Plenty and Central Plateau areas. A two‐year programme for school leaders was developed and has already commenced.  相似文献   
87.
Conclusion Only eight of the 70 schools included in the study incorporated more that 50 percent of the recommended features (i.e., 10 out of 19) in their site. At this time, it is not evident why this occurred. It may be that webmasters are unaware of the features that are deemed most desirable. Or the decision for including specific web features may rely upon willingness on the part of the developer and/or the technology committee to set aside time and energy for keeping the website current. Simultaneously, composition of the school website is reliant upon the school having personnel with the technical expertise needed to make Web changes. This presence may not always be available, and if an outside source is needed for updates and changes, complexity could become a significant burden. Further research could reveal the reasons for inclusion or exclusion of valuable features. These data indicate a need for schools to examine websites in light of commonly agreed-to desirable features. Most schools do not currently supply a majority of the desirable features that are noted in the literature. Further, the results of the current study suggest that it is important for schools to be aware of the specific needs of specific audiences. Parents and students appear to disagree somewhat about the specific types of data that are useful in a website. It also appears that schools will need to determine and resolve organizational or other issues that apparently preclude the presentation of some timely information on their websites.  相似文献   
88.
89.
This exploratory study applied Risley & Hart's correspondence training paradigm to reducing the troublesome behaviour of three 12 to 14 year‐old boys in an inner city high school in the West Midlands. Correspondence training involves negotiating individual reductions in levels of two classes of troublesome behaviour, talking out of turn (TOOT) and hindering other children (HOC). The boys were also assisted to collect data on their own behaviour in specific lessons. The school's existing system of rewards was utilised to reinforce the boys for reducing their levels of troublesome behaviour to match each target level negotiated. Results indicate that all three boys successfully reduced their levels of troublesome behaviour and that all three completed an increased amount of homework when correspondence training was introduced. Anecdotal evidence from teachers corroborated the behaviour changes apparent in the boys’ self‐report data. Correspondence training is seen as a viable and worthwhile procedure for improving social behaviour in secondary pupils.  相似文献   
90.
Hawk Roosting     
I sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed Inaction, no falsifying dream Between my hooked head and hooked feet: Or in sleep rehearse perfect kills and eat.  相似文献   
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